What characteristic of Andrade's research design enhances its reliability?

• A. Standardization of tasks
• B. Use of a longitudinal approach
• C. Integration of multiple study locations
• D. Participant self-reporting

Answer: (A)

The standardization of tasks is a critical characteristic that enhances the reliability of Andrade's research design. When tasks are standardized, it means that all participants are given the same instructions, materials, and conditions to complete the tasks. This uniformity helps to minimize variability in how the tasks are performed, which can enhance the consistency of the results obtained across different participants. In research, this consistency is vital for drawing reliable conclusions about the relationship between doodling and its effects on memory or attention, as it reduces the influence of external factors that could otherwise lead to inconsistent data.

By ensuring that every participant is engaging with the same processes in the same environment, Andrade's approach supports the validity of comparisons made during the study. Other characteristics, such as using a longitudinal approach or integrating multiple study locations, could add depth or context to the findings but do not inherently provide the same level of control over the procedures as standardization does. Similarly, participant self-reporting can introduce bias or variability that affects reliability, rather than enhancing it.