In Andrade's study, what indicated the participants' awareness of the memory test?

• A. Self-reported understanding
• B. Demand characteristics
• C. Behavioral cues
• D. Pre-study interviews

Answer: (B)

In Andrade's study, the indication of participants' awareness of the memory test was established through demand characteristics. Demand characteristics refer to cues or signals in an experimental setting that suggest to participants what the experimenter expects or what behavior is desired. In this case, participants may have altered their natural behavior or performance based on their perceived expectations regarding the memory test due to these cues. This concept is crucial in understanding how awareness of the study’s purpose can influence results.

While self-reported understanding, behavioral cues, and pre-study interviews could potentially provide insights into participants’ perceptions, they do not specifically address the subtle influences that demand characteristics exert on participant behavior during the experiment. Demand characteristics reflect a more integrated response to the experimental context rather than individual expressions of understanding or feedback.